The age of the universe is about 13.6 billion years. But only in the last 200 years of scientific efforts have we understood much of it. As seen, there are only two kinds of things in the universe with thick spots. Matter and energy. The particles of matter are called fermions after Enrico Fermi, and the particles of energy are called bosons after Satyen Bose.
First let's talk about fermions, that is, substances. Chemists have bound all the basic substances of the universe in just 1 page. Its name is Periodic Table. And, as many substances as there are in the periodic table, all of them can be explained with only 4 basic particles. These are electrons, up quarks, down quarks, and gluons. (The ancient Greeks thought that fire, water, earth, and air সব everything was made of these four things. Although their ideas are not correct, the explanation of modern science is similarly simple. All the matter we know can be explained by just 4 particles. Isn't that wonderful?)
We know that the nucleus is at the center of the matter, and it is surrounded by electrons. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons. These protons and neutrons are basically made up of two tiny particles called up quark and down quark. And, they are tied together by a strong nuclear force or gluon, a particle of a strong nuclear ball. This is the explanation of all the substances in the periodic table in 4 particles.
Needless to say, fermions are again of two types. Quark and Lepton. Above we have learned about two types of quarks. Up and down quarks. There are also 4 more types of quarks in the universe. Top, bottom, skin, and straight. In all, there are 6 types of quarks.
And, we also know about a lepton above - an electron. There are also leptons like a muon, tau, neutrino, etc.
In addition to these, we have learned of a boson carrying the force above. Gluon. The photon of our familiar light particle is also a type of boson.
source: https://www.wired.com/story/for-dark-matter-hunters-out-there-theories-are-catching-on/
Another famous boson is the Higgs boson. The mass of an object is the 'anomaly' or disturbance that occurs when a particle of a substance is prevented from moving in the Higgs-field. And, the particle in this Higgs-field is called the Higgs boson. The mass of an object is therefore simply called the result of interaction with Higgs-particles.
The House of Cards-Standard model of modern physics has been developed with a total of 6 types of quarks, 6 types of leptons, and 5 types of boson particles. Everything we can explain in the universe so far is under this standard model.
However, the standard model can explain the matter and energy of only 5% of the universe. He can't explain the other 95% of things. Of this, 26% is Dark Matter and 6% is Dark Energy.
You can't be confused by the name. Dark matter or dark energy does not swallow or absorb light at all. In the language of physics, the English word 'black' is used to mean an object that absorbs light. E.g., blackbody or blackhole. And with the word 'dark', we have no idea what they are!
It has been translated into more than one Bengali. Some have made Dark Bengali 'Tamo'. For example, dark matter means tamobastu. The word tamo means pure, that Bengali fits quite well with English Dark. But the distance remains with what is meant by 'dark matter. So I think another Bengali is more logical, 'Gupta', for example, Guptabastu. In fact, that is the dark matter. An object that is hidden behind our knowledge. Not catching anything.
There is dark matter, how scientists understand it or how they can be identified - these are not the subject of this article. However, it would be wrong to say the matter in a nutshell.
We know that gravity is created from the mass. The greater the mass of an object, the greater its attraction. And, this attraction is gravity.
In calculating the mass of other galaxies, including the Milky Way and Andromeda, scientists have found that the amount of mass found in these galaxies is much greater than their gravitational pull. But if there is no mass, where will gravity come from? Logically, therefore, scientists have come to the conclusion that galaxies contain hidden objects, which are causing this extra gravity. But these secrets do not interact with anything other than gravity. Be it electromagnetic force or strong or weak nuclear force.
Now let us come to the question in question. The earth is also made of matter. As a result of the gravity of many substances, the solar system and the earth have been created together. So, what is happening in the galaxy, why not in the case of the earth? Why on earth is there no secret with ordinary matter? Why is the whole of gravity on Earth going to be explained from its general mass, without the need for secrets?
The explanation is quite interesting. Suppose a particle is rushing towards the earth from outside the earth's atmosphere. Assume that it did not collide with the atmosphere (that is, the particle was not destroyed in the atmosphere). The inexhaustible attraction of gravity is rushing towards the surface of the earth. The moment the particle lands on the earth, the electromagnetic force will force the particle to stop. As a result, the particle will become a part of the earth.
But what if the electromagnetic force does not work on the particle?
Not long ago, a particle of secret material was coming towards the earth. It had some initial speed (the speed at which it was approaching the earth). The moment the Earth moves under the gravitational field, the particle will accelerate. The louder, the louder he will run towards the earth. But no one on earth can stop him. Since the electromagnetic force is not working on it. Thus, the acceleration of the particle will begin after it passes through the center of the earth to be accelerated. That means the acceleration will continue to decrease(As well as speed). Then, at some point, the particle will cross the earth's gravitational field. Will continue to run at that initial speed (the speed at which it was approaching the Earth before it was accelerated by the gravitational pull of the Earth).
That is why there are no hidden particles on the earth. Um, of course, yes, I know this, why it's something known in advance. Yes, little! The mass of the earth is slightly less than the mass of the earth's gravity. There are a few grams of dark matter in the world!
How?
With such an initial velocity came the particles of the secret, which somehow came to a halt inside the earth. Of course, the gravity of the earth was responsible for this. They came with a very specific amount of speed. This is very unlikely, but not absolutely zero. That's it!
Yes, we have a little dark matter under our feet! But who knows when this intelligence team will catch scientists in the eyes of mechanical kites (i.e., in dark matter detectors)?
Let me end with the answer to another question. Why so much fuss about unproven things like dark matter? The theory of relativity predicted gravitational waves. The existence of this wave was discovered about 100 years later. There are black holes, inside of which no theory of modern physics works, all the knowledge we know breaks down. Where is that black hole? Many have thought so for so long. People have taken pictures of the black hole by adjusting the imagination!
Think, the day the secret is caught in the eyes of a mechanical eagle if it is caught - if you survive that day, how will you feel? How would it feel to think that our knowledge of the universe has jumped from 5 percent to 32 percent?
There is no comparison between the thrill of our journey to unravel the mysteries of the universe itself.
Author: Student, Computer Science, and Engineering, Daffodil International University
Source: Dark Matter and Dark Energy: The Hidden 95% of the Universe, Brian Clegg
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